Estudio estima que todavía hay 27 billones de pesos en poder del público y en las calles.
Foto y Artículo: Archivo / EL TIEMPO Estudio estima que todavía hay 27 billones de pesos en poder del público y en las calles de nuestras ciudades.
Cargar el sencillo en las niqueleras de cuero, usar los pequeños bolsillos monederos de los pantalones, exhibir las gruesas billeteras, llenar las alcancías con monedas, esconder los billetes en las medias, echar la monedera en el seno, meter la plata debajo del colchón y muchas más tradiciones colombianas sobre el manejo del dinero en efectivo están, todavía, muy lejos de desaparecer.
Las niqueleras fueron las primeras monederas que se usaron en los inicios del siglo pasado, y como su nombre lo indica portaban el níquel, material del cual se comenzaron a hacer las monedas que reemplazaron a las costosas piezas de oro conocidas como las morrocotas.
Así nació la costumbre de que a la mayoría de los nacionales les gusta la plata contante y sonante (billetes y monedas). Una tradición tan insegura que, además, parece que no le tiene miedo al amenazante dinero virtual.
La batalla entre el efectivo contra la moneda virtual, los pagos por internet y las tarjetas débito, por ahora, la tiene ganada el dinero físico.
Y para la muestra muchos botones. En las plazas de mercado de las capitales, y más de los pueblos, solo se ve lo que llaman la cara de Bolívar: marchantas con sus monederas aseguradas en el seno y clientes con la plata entre el bolsillo; en las miles de tiendas de barrio todo se paga con billetes y monedas en mano, y hay una cadena de autoservicios que solo recibe efectivo.
Las monedas de mil y quinientos pesos son perseguidas por los ahorradores de alcancías hasta hacerlas desaparecer. En los peajes no hay otra alternativa hasta hoy. En las estaciones de servicio lo que se mueve es billete en la compra de gasolina. En muchas empresas, particularmente de la construcción, los obreros exigen pago en efectivo. En los parqueaderos, el contante y sonante también la tiene ganada.
La lista es interminable, sin dejar de hacer notar el efectivo que se mueve en los semáforos y en los templos, donde el dinero plástico o virtual tiene un largo camino por recorrer. A nadie le cabe en la cabeza dar la limosna electrónica, virtual o con un datáfono, ni tampoco hacer lo mismo para ‘pagar’ la limpieza de los vidrios del carro en un semáforo.
En los templos y semáforos se mueve una cantidad de dinero que nadie, ni la misma Dian, ha podido contabilizar, pero se sabe que es de miles de millones de pesos, por decir algo.
La historia del medio de pago es muy sencilla. Primero se utilizó el trueque de productos. Para facilitar el comercio, el hombre echó mano del papel moneda para adquirir bienes y servicios, y así nació el dinero en efectivo. Para no hacer largo este cuento histórico con fechas y otros hechos, el siglo pasado llegaron las tarjetas de crédito y débito, comúnmente llamado el dinero plástico. Frente a estos desarrollos, el efectivo no se inmutó y siguió reinando. Sin embargo, la llegada de los pagos por internet y la moneda virtual, el denominado dinero electrónico, pusieron pálidos a los billetes y las monedas, que a pesar de todo esto se resisten a morir.
Santiago Perdomo, presidente de Colpatria, en contra de lo dicho antes, es muy optimista sobre la lenta extinción de los billetes y monedas.
Sostiene que los bancos, como los de hoy, tienden a desaparecer, que los banqueros tienen los días contados y que la gente joven, en materia de plata, todo lo hará a través del teléfono móvil.
Billetes guardados
Pero también acepta Perdomo que Colombia está muy mal en reducción del efectivo, que hay propensión a este medio de pago y que mucho de este va para actividades ilegales y delictivas como contrabando, minería, corrupción, narcotráfico, lavado, compra de votos y evasión fiscal.
Y resulta irónico; expertos como Perdomo dicen que con el uso del efectivo hay menos desarrollo y que reducir su uso hace que lleguemos a nuevas tecnologías y seamos menos pobres. La razón: se pueden duplicar los créditos con los billetes guardados que se depositen en los bancos, que son los que prestan con base en el dinero recaudado.
El uso del efectivo se disparó en 1998, cuando comenzó el entonces transitorio dos por mil (hoy cuatro por mil), que llevó a que la gente no moviera la plata en los bancos y entidades financieras. En el año 1990, el dinero en efectivo por persona se calculó en 47 dólares. Y en 1997 se pasó a 470 dólares por persona, es decir, menos de un millón pesos de la época. A la fecha, hacer la cuenta con el cambio del dólar nos puede dar un poco más de un millón de devaluados pesos.
Pero las cosas curiosas del mundo del dinero en efectivo en Colombia no paran aquí. Muchos se preguntan cuánta plata hay en efectivo a lo largo y ancho del país. La respuesta es simple: en números redondos, pues este dato sube y baja periódicamente, hay en circulación hoy un poco más de 50 billones de pesos. Si hacemos un cálculo teniendo en cuenta alrededor de 50 millones de habitantes, tendríamos algo así como un billón de pesos por cada millón de personas o, mejor dicho, un millón largo de pesos por cada colombiano.
El encaje bancario
Y de esos 50 billones de pesos en circulación, se estima que solo 27 están en poder del público y en la calle, y 23, en cajas de seguridad, cajeros automáticos y en el Banco de la República, en lo que llaman el encaje, que no es ningún adorno de prendas femeninas, sino el porcentaje de dinero que los bancos comerciales le entregan al Emisor por cada peso que reciben del público y que queda congelado.
Ese famoso encaje está entre 4,5 y 11 por ciento. Es decir que, por cada 100 pesos que reciben los bancos y entidades financieras del público, quedan congelados en el Banco de la República entre 4,5 y 11 pesos. Este dinero es una reserva para garantizar los retiros que haga la gente.
Pero no le perdamos el paso al efectivo. De los 27 billones que están en poder del público y en la calle, se calcula que en realidad se necesitan y se utilizan 12 billones de pesos, los restantes 15 billones están en caletas y cajas fuertes, según la investigación de Perdomo.
Claro que las curiosidades no paran aquí. Para dimensionar el lío con el efectivo, sobre todo en grandes cantidades, solo basta este dato: 2.000 millones de pesos en billetes de 50.000 pesos pesan 40 kilos. Este peso no necesita mayor explicación cuando se piensa en las noticias sobre decomisos de dineros ilegales, que van por cajas.
Plata también contamina
Pero la plata no solo hace mucho bulto, estorba para cargarla, se puede perder o se la pueden robar. También, literalmente, ensucia y contamina. Según Huella Social de EL TIEMPO de diciembre pasado, ir al banco también contamina, pues la huella de carbono de una transacción promedio en la sucursal bancaria física es 5,3 veces mayor que la de una transacción en línea, y de manera digital o virtual se reducen las emisiones en cerca de 4 kg de CO2 por cada transacción realizada.
Bueno, y en medio de todo esto también están los billetes falsos, sobre todo los de alta denominación que a diario son cazados por los detectores. Sin embargo, no hay datos, son seguramente muchos los miles de billetes y millones de pesos falsificados que hacen parte de las transacciones en efectivo que a diario hacen los colombianos.
Para resumir: los días del efectivo no están contados, pero sí serán menos de lo que muchos piensan. Según un estudio de Fedesarrollo y la Cámara Colombiana de Informática y Telecomunicaciones, el 90 por ciento de las transacciones se hacen en efectivo y solo el 10 por ciento, por medios de pago digitales. Muy poco, dirán algunos, pero según publicación de EL TIEMPO del pasado diciembre, el uso de tarjetas de crédito y débito sube en el último mes de cada año entre un 30 y un 40 por ciento. Esto indica que hay batallas, mas no la guerra, que va perdiendo el dinero en efectivo.
En ese sentido se avecina otra batalla, pero ahora en el Congreso, donde seguramente se debatirá el proyecto de ley 131 del senador Alfredo Ramos, quien propone acabar con el papel moneda para defender el medioambiente.
También la Asociación de Bancos (Asobancaria) ha propuesto tener en cuenta el recaudo electrónico de impuestos, peajes y servicios públicos para hacer un país más eficiente.
Pueblo paisa sin billetes
Para demostrar que sí se puede lograr sacar el efectivo del camino está el ejemplo del municipio de Concepción (Antioquia), que tiene 4.500 habitantes y donde un plan piloto cambió en ocho meses el uso del efectivo por los pagos electrónicos. Cuando una persona va a la tienda, los pedidos los cancela a través de su celular con una consignación virtual en la cuenta del tendero.
Pero, por otro lado, hay hechos de contraste que marcan el pasado, el presente y el futuro del dinero contante y sonante. Se emitió una moneda de $ 5.000 con la imagen de la santa Madre Laura. Hoy esas monedas no se encuentran en ninguna parte. Y, por otra parte, el Banco de la República anunció que emitirá billetes de 100.000 pesos, seguramente este año. Además, está en camino la moneda virtual que ya tiene vida en internet, es decir, los bitcóines, que están en el ojo del huracán, pues unos los aplauden y otros los condenan.
Total, así están las cosas con el uso del efectivo en Colombia.
Vida y muerte de los billetes
En Colombia hay alrededor de 50 billones de pesos en efectivo, circulando o guardados. Este monto está representado en más de 2.100 millones de billetes de 1.000, 2.000, 5.000, 10.000, 20.000 y 50.000 pesos. Cerca del 95 por ciento del papel moneda corresponde a billetes de 50.000 y 20.000 pesos.
El único autorizado para fabricar y emitir billetes es el Banco de la República. Hacer cada pieza cuesta alrededor de 80 pesos. La vida útil de un billete está entre uno y tres años, dependiendo de su denominación y uso.
Así como la fabricación, la eliminación de los billetes viejos también está en manos del Emisor.
Y ya no hay el tal cuento de muchos años de que cada billete tenía una representación o equivalente en oro en las arcas del banco central.
AMÍLKAR HERNÁNDEZ
amiher@hotmail.com
Especial para EL TIEMPO
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